Realism Through Matsyanyaya: India’s Strategic Autonomy in a Multi-Polar Order

Abstract ―​

This study examines the relevance of Matsya Nyaya, as described in Kautilya’s Arthashastra, a condition of lawlessness where the stronger prey upon the weaker. Matsyanyaya explains the origin of state authority. It is an ancient principle of Indian civilizational thought that embodies a realist perspective on power relations in the contemporary multipolar world order. Rooted in the idea that the strong dominate the weak in the absence of order, Matsya Nyaya mirrors the anarchic nature of international politics described by realist theory. The paper argues that this framework offers a unique lens for understanding global power dynamics while also situating India’s foreign policy within a tradition that predates Western international relations theory. By examining India’s pursuit of strategic autonomy, the study highlights how India engages major powers without compromising its independent decision-making. It further explores how India navigates competing alignments and balances partnerships while preserving its sovereign space in global politics. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates that Matsya Nyaya not only enriches the conceptual toolkit of international relations but also provides insight into India’s pragmatic approach to safeguarding its interests in an increasingly fragmented and power-driven international system. The study aims to offer a critical assessment of India's evolving choices in the global arena by drawing on secondary data, including formal publications comprising reports, statements, press releases issued by the Ministry of External Affairs, foreign trade policies, and many more. In viewing India’s foreign policy through realism and Matsya Nyaya, this study highlights how classical Indian ideas continue to shape present-day discussions and future strategies on authority, power struggles, and the quest for autonomy in the international system.